Direct Funding Method

This guide explains how to generate random numbers using the Direct funding method. This method doesn’t require a subscription and is optimal for one-off requests for randomness. This method also works best for applications where your end-users must pay the fees for VRF because the cost of the request is determined at request time.

VRF Direct funding

Unlike the subscription method, the Direct funding method does not require you to create subscriptions and pre-fund them. Instead, you must directly fund consuming contracts with LINK tokens before they request randomness.

For Chainlink VRF v2 to fulfill your requests, you must have a sufficient amount of LINK in your consuming contract. Gas cost calculation includes the following variables:

• Gas price: The current gas price, which fluctuates depending on network conditions.

• Callback gas: The amount of gas used for the callback request that returns your requested random values.

• Verification gas: The amount of gas used to verify randomness on-chain.

• Wrapper overhead gas: The amount of gas used by the VRF Wrapper contract. See the Request and Receive Data section for details about the VRF v2 Wrapper contract design.

The gas price depends on current network conditions. The callback gas depends on your callback function and the number of random values in your request. You define the limits that you are willing to spend for the request with the following variable:

• Callback gas limit: Specifies the maximum amount of gas you are willing to spend on the callback request. Define this limit by specifying the callbackGasLimit value in your request.

Request and Receive Data

End To End Diagram

Two types of accounts exist in the Ethereum ecosystem:

• EOA (Externally Owned Account): An externally owned account that has a private key and can control a smart contract. Transactions can be initiated only by EOAs.
• Smart contract: A smart contract that does not have a private key and executes what it has been designed for as a decentralized application.

The Chainlink VRF v2 solution uses both off-chain and on-chain components:

• VRF v2 Wrapper (on-chain component): A wrapper for the VRF Coordinator that provides an interface for consuming contracts.
• VRF v2 Coordinator (on-chain component): A contract designed to interact with the VRF service. It emits an event when a request for randomness is made, and then verifies the random number and proof of how it was generated by the VRF service.
• VRF service (off-chain component): Listens for requests by subscribing to the VRF Coordinator event logs and calculates a random number based on the block hash and nonce. The VRF service then sends a transaction to the VRFCoordinator including the random number and a proof of how it was generated.

Explanation

Requests to Chainlink VRF v2 follow the Request & Receive Data cycle. The VRF wrapper calls the coordinator to process the request using the following steps:

1. The consuming contract must inherit VRFV2WrapperConsumerBase and implement the fulfillRandomWords function, which is the callback VRF function. Submit your VRF request by calling the requestRandomness function in the VRFV2WrapperConsumerBase contract. Include the following parameters in your request:

   • requestConfirmations: The number of block confirmations the VRF service will wait to respond. The minimum and maximum confirmations for your network can be found here.
   • callbackGasLimit: The maximum amount of gas to pay for completing the callback VRF function.
   • numWords: The number of random numbers to request. You can find the maximum number of random values per request for your network in the Supported networks page.

2. The consuming contract calls the VRFV2Wrapper calculateRequestPrice function to estimate the total transaction cost to fulfill randomness. Then the consuming contract calls the LinkToken transferAndCall function to pay the wrapper with the calculated request price. This method sends LINK tokens and executes the VRFV2Wrapper onTokenTransfer logic. This triggers the VRF VRF Coordinator requestRandomWords function to request randomness. The final gas cost to fulfill randomness is estimated based on how much gas is expected for the verification and callback. The total gas cost in wei uses the following formula:

   (Gas price * (Verification gas + Callback gas limit + Wrapper gas Overhead)) = total gas cost

   The total gas cost is converted to LINK using the ETH/LINK data feed. In the unlikely event that the data feed is unavailable, the VRF Wrapper uses the fallbackWeiPerUnitLink value for the conversion instead. The fallbackWeiPerUnitLink value is defined in the VRF v2 Wrapper contract for your selected network.

   A LINK premium is then added to the total gas cost. The premium is divided in two parts:

   • Wrapper premium: The premium percentage. You can find the percentage for your network in the Supported networks page.
   • Coordinator premium: A flat fee. This premium is defined in the fulfillmentFlatFeeLinkPPMTier1 parameter in millionths of LINK. You can find the flat fee of the coordinator for your network in the Supported networks page.

   ((total gas cost * Wrapper premium) + Coordinator premium) = total request cost

3. The VRF coordinator emits an event.

4. The event is picked up by the VRF service and waits for the specified number of block confirmations to respond back to the VRF coordinator with the random values and a proof (requestConfirmations).

5. The VRF coordinator verifies the proof on-chain. Then, it calls back the wrapper contract fulfillRandomWords function.

6. Finally, the VRF Wrapper calls back your consuming contract.

Limits

You can see the configuration for each network on the Supported networks page. You can also view the full configuration for each VRF v2 Wrapper contract directly in Etherscan. As an example, view the Ethereum Mainnet VRF v2 Wrapper contract configuration by calling getConfig function.

• Each wrapper has a maxNumWords parameter that limits the maximum number of random values you can receive in each request.